Refactor terms module

checker/lib/basic.py

@@ -4,30 +4,32 @@
 
 # from ..proof import Context, Proof
 from ..props import Eq, Or, Prop
-from ..terms import App, Const, EqT, Lambda, Term, Var, register_known_const
+from ..terms import App, Const, A1, A2, L1, L2, L3, Lambda, Term, Var, register_known_const
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Identity function
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Always returns its input.
-register_known_const("identity", Lambda(Var(0)))
+id_func = Lambda(lambda x : x)
+register_known_const("id", id_func)
+register_known_const("identity", id_func)
 
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Equality
+# # Equality
-# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-equality = Lambda(Lambda(EqT(lhs=Var(1), rhs=Var(0))))
+# equality = Lambda(Lambda(EqT(lhs=Var(1), rhs=Var(0))))
 
-register_known_const("eq", equality)
+# register_known_const("eq", equality)
-register_known_const("==", equality)
+# register_known_const("==", equality)
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Bool
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-bool_t = Lambda(Lambda(Var(1)))
+bool_t = L2(lambda x, y : x).normalize()
-bool_f = Lambda(Lambda(Var(0)))
+bool_f = L2(lambda x, y : y).normalize()
-if_statement = Lambda(Var(0))
+if_statement = L3(lambda x, y, z : A2(x, y, z)).normalize()
-not_statement = Lambda(App(f=App(f=Var(0), x=bool_f), x=bool_t))
+not_statement = L1(lambda b : A2(b, bool_f, bool_t)).normalize()
 
 register_known_const("Bool.False", bool_f)
 register_known_const("Bool.True", bool_t)
@@ -50,25 +52,15 @@ def kernel_from_int(n : int) -> Term:
         raise ValueError(
             "Int is not Nat"
         )
-    elif n == 0:
-        return zero
-    else:
-        return App(f=succ, x=kernel_from_int(n-1))
 
-def is_nat(x : Term) -> Prop:
+    t = zero
-    return Or(
+    for _ in range(n):
-        Eq(x=x, y=zero),
+        t = A1(succ, t)
-        Eq(bool_f, bool_t) # TODO: Construct x = Succ n where isNat(n),
-    )
 
-register_known_const("Nat.add", Lambda(Lambda(
+    return t
-    App(f=App( # If-statement: is the first argument zero?
+
-        f=EqT(lhs=Var(1), rhs=zero),
+# def is_nat(x : Term) -> Prop:
-        # If so, return the second argument
+#     return Or(
-        x=Var(0),
+#         Eq(x=x, y=zero),
-    ),
+#         Eq(bool_f, bool_t) # TODO: Construct x = Succ n where isNat(n),
-        # If not, return a recursive solution of the add function
+#     )
-        # TODO: Not correct yet
-        x=App(f=succ, x=App(f=App(f=Const("Nat.add"), x=Var(1)), x=Var(0)))
-    )
-)))

checker/proof.py

@@ -238,9 +238,10 @@ def reflexivity(eq : Eq) -> Proof:
             statement=eq,
         )
     else:
-        diff_l, diff_r = l.reduce_on_equality(r)
+        # diff_l, diff_r = l.reduce_on_equality(r)
         raise ProofCheckerFailedException(
-            f"Could not normalize {eq.x} = {eq.y}, got stuck at {diff_l} = {diff_r}"
+            f"Could not normalize {eq.x} = {eq.y}, got stuck at {l} = {r}"
+            # f"Could not normalize {eq.x} = {eq.y}, got stuck at {diff_l} = {diff_r}"
         )
 
 def suppose(ctx : Context, proof : Proof) -> Proof:

checker/terms.py

@@ -4,43 +4,170 @@
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import Callable
 
 import copy
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
+# Known const values that can be substituted into other values.
 _known_consts : dict[str, Term] = {}
 
+# Known functions to normalize certain specific terms with given shapes.
+_known_norms : list[Callable[[Term], Term]] = []
+
+USABLE_VAR_NAMES = [
+    'x', 'y', 'z', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l',
+    'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w',
+    'α', 'β', 'γ', 'δ', 'ε', 'ζ', 'η', 'θ', 'ι', 'κ',
+    # 'λ', # Avoid confusion
+    'μ', 'ν', 'ξ', 'ο', 'π', 'ρ', 'σ', 'τ', 'υ', 'φ', 'χ', 'ψ', 'ω'
+]
+
+def normalize(term : Term) -> Term:
+    """
+        Create a normalization function. This function simplifies functions as
+        much as possible.
+    """
+
+    def norm_iter(term : Term) -> Term:
+        """
+            Normalize a single term. Trust that all children values have
+            already been normalized, or that they will be normalized later on.
+
+            :param term: The term to normalize.
+            :type term: Term
+            :return: A normalized version of the term.
+            :rtype: Term
+        """
+        match term:
+            case App():
+                match term.f:
+                    case Lambda():
+                        return term.f.substitute(value=norm_iter(term.x))
+                    
+                    case _:
+                        return term
+            
+            case Const():
+                return _known_consts.get(term.name, term)
+            
+            case Lambda():
+                return term
+            
+            case Var():
+                return term
+        
+            case Term():
+                return term
+
+    return traverse(f=norm_iter, term=term)
+
 def register_known_const(name : str, value : Term) -> None:
     _known_consts[name] = value
 
+def traverse(f : Callable[[Term], Term], term : Term) -> Term:
+    """
+        Traverse through the tree back-and-forth, aiming to run the given
+        function as thoroughly as possible to manipulate the term tree.
+
+        :param f: The traversal function that replaces terms.
+        :type f: Callable[[Term], Term]
+        :param term: The term to traverse.
+        :type term: Term
+        :return: The result of the traversed term.
+        :rtype: Term
+    """
+    return traverse_bottom_up(f=f, term=traverse_top_down(f=f, term=term))
+
+def traverse_bottom_up(f : Callable[[Term], Term], term : Term) -> Term:
+    """
+        Traverse a term from the bottom up, replacing values with whatever the
+        inserted function returns.
+
+        :param f: The traversal function that replaces terms.
+        :type f: Callable[[Term], Term]
+        :param term: The term to traverse.
+        :type term: Term
+        :return: The result of the traversed term.
+        :rtype: Term
+    """
+    match term:
+        case App():
+            return f(App(
+                f=traverse_bottom_up(f=f, term=term.f),
+                x=traverse_bottom_up(f=f, term=term.x)),
+            )
+        
+        case Const():
+            return f(term)
+        
+        case Lambda():
+            return term.replace_content(
+                traverse_bottom_up(f=f, term=term.out)
+            )
+        
+        case Var():
+            return f(term)
+        
+        case Term():
+            return f(term)
+
+def traverse_top_down(f : Callable[[Term], Term], term : Term) -> Term:
+    """
+        Traverse a term from the top down, replacing values with whatever the
+        inserted function returns.
+
+        :param f: The traversal function that replaces terms.
+        :type f: Callable[[Term], Term]
+        :param term: The term to traverse.
+        :type term: Term
+        :return: The result of the traversed term.
+        :rtype: Term
+    """
+    t = f(term)
+
+    match t:
+        case App():
+            return App(
+                f=traverse_top_down(f=f, term=t.f),
+                x=traverse_top_down(f=f, term=t.x),
+            )
+        
+        case Const():
+            return t
+        
+        case Lambda():
+            return t.replace_content(traverse_top_down(f=f, term=t.out))
+        
+        case Var():
+            return t
+
+        case Term():
+            return t
+
 class Term:
     """
         Base class for all terms.
     """
+
+    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
+        """
+            Determine whether two terms are equal.
+        """
+        return str(self) == str(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """
+            Create a representation of a term.
+        """
+        return self.to_str(vars={})
     
     def normalize(self) -> Term:
-        """
+        return normalize(term=self)
-            Function to return a simplified version of the term.
-        """
-        return self
-    
-    def reduce_on_equality(self, other : Term) -> tuple[Term, Term]:
-        """
-            Reduce parts that the two items are equal on.
-        """
-        return self, other
-    
-    def substitute(self, index : int, value : Term) -> Term:
-        """
-            Substitute all variables of a given index number.
 
-            :param index: The variable's index.
+    def to_str(self, vars : dict[str, Var]) -> str:
-            :type index: int
+        return "<undefined>"
-            :param value: The value to replace the variable with.
-            :type value: 
-        """
-        return self
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class App(Term):
@@ -52,61 +179,26 @@ class App(Term):
     f : Term
     x : Term
 
-    def normalize(self) -> Term:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        f = self.f.normalize()
-        x = self.x.normalize()
-
-        default = App(f=f, x=x)
-
-        match f:
-            case App():
-                return default
-
-            case Const():
-                return default
-
-            case Lambda():
-                return f.resolve(x)
-
-            case Term():
-                return default
-            
-            case Var():
-                return default
-    
-    def reduce_on_equality(self, other: Term) -> tuple[Term, Term]:
-        if not isinstance(other, App):
-            return self, other
-        
-        f1, f2 = self.f.normalize(), other.f.normalize()
-        x1, x2 = self.x.normalize(), other.x.normalize()
-
-        match ( f1 == f2, x1 == x2 ):
-            case ( True, True ):
-                return Term(), Term()
-            
-            case ( True, False ):
-                return x1.reduce_on_equality(x2)
-            
-            case ( False, True ):
-                return f1.reduce_on_equality(f2)
-            
-            case ( False, False ):
-                return self, other
-
-    def substitute(self, index : int, value : Term) -> Term:
         """
-            Substitute all variables of a given index number.
+            Create a representation of a term.
-
-            :param index: The variable's index.
-            :type index: int
-            :param value: The value to replace the variable with.
-            :type value: 
         """
-        return App(
+        return self.to_str(vars={})
-            f=self.f.substitute(index=index, value=value),
+
-            x=self.x.substitute(index=index, value=value),
+    def to_str(self, vars: dict[str, Var]) -> str:
-        )
+        f_str = self.f.to_str(vars=vars)
+        x_str = self.x.to_str(vars=vars)
+
+        return f_str + " " + (f"({x_str})" if " " in x_str else x_str)
+
+A1 = lambda fn, a : App(f=fn, x=a)
+A2 = lambda fn, a, b : App(f=A1(fn, a), x=b)
+A3 = lambda fn, a, b, c : App(f=A2(fn, a, b), x=c)
+A4 = lambda fn, a, b, c, d : App(f=A3(fn, a, b, c), x=d)
+A5 = lambda fn, a, b, c, d, e : App(f=A4(fn, a, b, c, d), x=e)
+A6 = lambda fn, a, b, c, d, e, f : App(f=A5(fn, a, b, c, d, e), x=f)
+A7 = lambda fn, a, b, c, d, e, f, g : App(f=A6(fn, a, b, c, d, e, f), x=g)
+A8 = lambda fn, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h : App(f=A7(fn, a, b, c, d, e, f, g), x=h)
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Const(Term):
@@ -117,90 +209,201 @@ class Const(Term):
 
     name : str
 
-    def normalize(self) -> Term:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        if self.name in _known_consts:
+        """
-            return copy.deepcopy(_known_consts.get(self.name, self))
+            Create a representation of a term.
-        else:
+        """
-            return self
+        return self.to_str(vars={})
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+    def to_str(self, vars: dict[str, Var]) -> str:
-class EqT(Term):
+        return self.name
-    """
-        Equality operator. Possibly the only function that is implemented into
-        the core of the term definitions.
-    """
 
-    lhs : Term
-    rhs : Term
-
-    def normalize(self) -> Term:
-        l = self.lhs.normalize()
-        r = self.rhs.normalize()
-
-        if l == r:
-            return Const("Bool.True")
-        else:
-            return Const("Bool.False")
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Lambda(Term):
     """
         Lambdas a nameless 1-ary functions.
     """
 
     out : Term
+    var : Var
 
-    def normalize(self) -> Term:
+    def __init__(self, f : Callable[[Var], Term]) -> None:
-        return Lambda(out=self.out.normalize())
+        self.var = Var()
+        self.out = f(self.var)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """
+            Create a representation of a term.
+        """
+        return self.to_str(vars={})
     
-    def reduce_on_equality(self, other: Term) -> tuple[Term, Term]:
+    def replace_content(self, term : Term) -> Lambda:
-        match other:
-            case Lambda():
-                return self.out, other.out
-            case _:
-                return self, other
-
-    def resolve(self, value : Term) -> Term:
         """
-            Resolve this lambda function by inserting a value.
+            Replace the content of the lambda function with the given term.
+            The new term may still contain the lambda's var as an argument.
 
-            :param value: The value to substitute.
+            :param term: The term to insert in a lambda function.
+            :type term: Term
+            :return: The new Lambda function.
+            :rtype: Lambda
         """
-        return self.substitute(index=-1, value=value)
+        return Lambda(
+            lambda x : traverse_bottom_up(
+                f=lambda t : x if t is self.var else t,
+                term=term,
+            )
+        )
 
-    def substitute(self, index : int, value : Term) -> Term:
+    def substitute(self, value : Term) -> Term:
         """
             Substitute all variables of a given index number.
 
-            :param index: The variable's index.
-            :type index: int
             :param value: The value to replace the variable with.
-            :type value: 
+            :type value: Term
+            :return: A resolved lambda where the term has been substituted.
+            :rtype: Term
         """
-        if index == -1:
+        return traverse_bottom_up(
-            # We're resolving this lambda function!
+            f=lambda t : value if t is self.var else t,
-            return self.out.substitute(index=index + 1, value=value)
+            term=self.out,
+        )
+    
+    def to_str(self, vars: dict[str, Var]) -> str:
+        char = ''
+
+        for c in USABLE_VAR_NAMES:
+            if c not in vars:
+                char = c
+                vars[c] = self.var
+                break
         else:
-            return Lambda(out=self.out.substitute(index=index + 1, value=value))
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Cannot represent a lambda function that's over {len(USABLE_VAR_NAMES)} layers deep!"
+            )
+        
+        s = self.out.to_str(vars=vars)
+
+        del vars[char]
+        return "λ" + char + "." + (f"({s})" if " " in s else s)
+
+L1 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : f(x))
+L2 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : L1(lambda y : f(x, y)))
+L3 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : L2(lambda y, z : f(x, y, z)))
+L4 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : L3(lambda y, z, a : f(x, y, z, a)))
+L5 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : L4(lambda y, z, a, b : f(x, y, z, a, b)))
+L6 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : L5(lambda y, z, a, b, c : f(x, y, z, a, b, c)))
+L7 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : L6(lambda y, z, a, b, c, d : f(x, y, z, a, b, c, d)))
+L8 = lambda f : Lambda(lambda x : L7(lambda y, z, a, b, c, d, e : f(x, y, z, a, b, c, d, e)))
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Var(Term):
+
     """
         A variable is a value that can be substituted by a lambda function.
+
+        Each lambda function stores a unique var, which can then point to a new
+        structure later on.
     """
 
-    index : int
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-
-    def substitute(self, index : int, value : Term) -> Term:
         """
-            Substitute all variables of a given index number.
+            Create a representation of a term.
-
-            :param index: The variable's index.
-            :type index: int
-            :param value: The value to replace the variable with.
-            :type value: 
         """
-        if self.index == index:
+        return self.to_str(vars={})
-            return copy.deepcopy(value)
+
+    def to_str(self, vars: dict[str, Var]) -> str:
+        for i, v in vars.items():
+            if v is self:
+                return i
         else:
-            return self
+            return "[ERROR:UNKNOWN_VAR]"
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("REPRESENTATIONS")
+    print(30 * "=")
+
+    # x
+    print(Const("x"))
+
+    # λx.(f x)
+    print(Lambda(lambda a : App(f=Const("f"), x=a)))
+
+    # λx.(λy.(x y))
+    print(Lambda(lambda b : Lambda(lambda c : App(f=b, x=c))))
+
+    # Nat.Succ (Nat.Succ Nat.Zero)
+    print(App(f=Const("Nat.Succ"), x=App(f=Const("Nat.Succ"), x=Const("Nat.Zero"))))
+
+    
+    print("\nNORMALIZATIONS")
+    print(30 * "=")
+
+    # foo
+    a = App(f=Lambda(lambda x : x), x=Const("foo"))
+    print(a)
+    print(a.normalize())
+
+    # f x
+    b = App(
+        f=App(
+            f=Lambda(
+                lambda f : Lambda(
+                    lambda x : App(
+                        f=f, x=x
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+            x=Const("f"),
+        ),
+        x= Const("x"),
+    )
+    print(b)
+    print(b.normalize())
+
+    # a b c
+    c = App(
+        f=App(
+            f=App(
+                f=Lambda(
+                    lambda x : Lambda(
+                        lambda y : Lambda(
+                            lambda z : App(
+                                f=App(f=x, x=y), x=z
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                ),
+                x=Const("a"),
+            ),
+            x=Const("b"),
+        ),
+        x=Const("c"),
+    )
+    print(c)
+    print(c.normalize())
+
+    #
+    d = L3(lambda x, y, z : A2(x, y, z))
+    print(d)
+    print(d.normalize())
+
+    
+    print("\nSHORTHAND NOTATION")
+    print(30 * "=")
+
+    # λx.(λy.(λz.(x y z))
+    e = L3(lambda a, b, c : App(f=App(f=a, x=b), x=c))
+    print(e)
+
+
+    # λx.(λy.(λz.(x y z))
+    f = L3(lambda a, b, c : A3(L3(lambda a, b, c : A2(a, b, c)), a, b, c))
+    print(f)
+    print(f.normalize())
+    assert e == f.normalize()
+
+    # not
+    bool_t = L2(lambda x, y : x).normalize()
+    bool_f = L2(lambda x, y : y).normalize()
+    g = L1(lambda b : A2(b, bool_f, bool_t))
+    print(g)
+    print(g.normalize())